Sentinels / Actor desk
Bab Al-Mandab Strait
person · Registry status: unverified
c1a1c6f0-8009-5774-811f-f5d8d68a3618
Evidence, not intent.
Public-source event mentions and stored signals. Adjacency does not establish causation, coordination, or an actor's position.
No claim of complete coverage or live monitoring.
Observation window
UTC dates, inclusive · maximum 90 days. Applies to events and anomalies only.
Recent observations / timeline
The source record
200 distinct events shown, newest first. More matches exist; narrow the dates to inspect beyond the latest 200. Headlines may be generated summaries; inspect the source before repeating a claim.
EU strongly condemns Houthi escalation in Yemen, attacks on Saudi Arabia
Mines, disguised bombs threaten civilians fleeing Yemen’s front lines, says HALO
Yemen's PLC chief reshuffles cabinet amid battlefield pressure
Yemeni Armed Forces Declare Saudi Failure - Islamic Invitation Turkey
Fighting Against Houthis Resumes on Bab Al-Mandab Front
US oil firms reap $130 billion windfall as Iran war drives up energy costs | News.az
securitycouncilreport.org: Bab Al-Mandab Strait, Yemen Sanctions Committee, Panel Of Experts (wmd, wb 2505 weapons of mass destruction)
US, Iran Continue Indirect Talks as Nuclear Dispute, Military Risks Persist
'Israeli-provoked conflicts exert pressure on global energy prices'
20 civilians killed, injured in Houthi missile attack on health center in Yemen
aa.com.tr: Bab Al-Mandab Strait, Lahj Al-Mudaribah, Rashad Al-Alimi (soc pointsofinterest health center, soc pointsofinterest health center)
aa.com.tr: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Cevdet Yilmaz, Tayyip Erdogan (relations, wb 476 green growth)
20 civilians killed, injured in Houthi missile attack on health center in Yemen: Media
Why Investors Fled to Eli Lilly, Walmart, and Energy
Jaishankar Says Energy Shortages Burden Global South at G20 | EconoTimes
Saudi Arabia Calls for Effective Collective Response to Protect Vital Shipping Routes
Somali pirates seize Iranian fishing vessel, raising fears of attacks on cargo ships
Protecting maritime straits is a ‘shared responsibility’
Yemeni Army Holds Positions Around Taiz, Advances in Al-Jawf
Modi-Putin talks, Lavrov meet, Kyiv visit: Jaishankar lays out India's peace push on Ukraine conflict - 2LT News
atlantaleader.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Narendra Modi, Sergey Lavrov (tax fncact minister, tax fncact minister)
udn.com: David Gardner, David Gardner, Shawn Mccreesh (armedconflict, armedconflict)
europesun.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Narendra Modi, Penny Wong (tax fncact minister, tax fncact minister)
Secure supply chains, resilience key for global economy: Jaishankar
moneycontrol.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Marco Rubio (wb 635 public health, wb 635 public health)
Jaishankar at G20: Rules out military solutions to conflicts, calls for energy stability and diversified supply chains
batonrougepost.com: Narendra Modi, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Vladimir Putin (tax ethnicity russian, tax ethnicity russian)
Modi-Putin talks, Lavrov meet, Kyiv visit: Jaishankar lays out India's peace push on Ukraine conflict
indiagazette.com: Toshimitsu Motegi, Sergey Lavrov, Vladimir Putin (tax ethnicity russian, tax ethnicity russian)
India Pushes for Safe Shipping, Grain Exports and Energy Protection in Ukraine War: Jaishankar
russiaherald.com: Narendra Modi, Vladimir Putin, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait (tax fncact minister, tax fncact minister)
2lt.com.au: Sergey Lavrov, Sergey Lavrov, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait (tax ethnicity russian, tax worldlanguages russian)
bignewsnetwork.com: Narendra Modi, Penny Wong, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait (tax fncact minister, tax fncact minister)
Modi-Putin talks, Lavrov meet, Kyiv visit: Jaishankar lays out India's peace push on Ukraine conflict
irishsun.com: Toshimitsu Motegi, Narendra Modi, Marco Rubio (tax ethnicity russian, tax ethnicity russian)
aninews.in: Toshimitsu Motegi, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Sergey Lavrov (tax ethnicity russian, tax ethnicity russian)
calcuttanews.net: Narendra Modi, Marco Rubio, Penny Wong (leader, leader)
EAM Jaishankar calls for ‘right to industrialise’, resisting predatory practices in supply chains at G20 - Mangalorean.com
indiagazette.com: Marco Rubio, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Toshimitsu Motegi (tax worldlanguages russia, uspec policy1)
Jaishankar at G20: Rules out military solutions to conflicts, calls for energy stability and diversified supply chains
'Secure supply chains key to global economic resilience', says Jaishankar
business-standard.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Marco Rubio (wb 2433 conflict and violence, wb 2432 fragility conflict and violence)
arabherald.com: Marco Rubio, Reena Bhardwaj, Toshimitsu Motegi (tax ethnicity japanese, tax worldlanguages japanese)
Jaishankar urges G20 to promote resilient supply chains and depoliticise markets
Yemen Crisis: Saudi Arabia Builds Defensive Military Alliance (Fears of Wider Regional Conflict)
atlantaleader.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Reena Bhardwaj, Marco Rubio (ungp forests rivers oceans, ungp forests rivers oceans)
EAM Jaishankar calls for
aninews.in: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Marco Rubio, Toshimitsu Motegi (epu policy political, tax ethnicity persian)
cambodiantimes.com: Marco Rubio, Toshimitsu Motegi, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait (tax ethnicity australian, wb 635 public health)
sydneysun.com: Penny Wong, Reena Bhardwaj, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait (epu economy, epu economy)
Quad ministers denounce export restrictions
europesun.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Penny Wong, Marco Rubio (crisislex c07 safety, tax fncact secretary of state)
EAM Jaishankar calls for
Saudi foreign minister meets counterparts from Germany, Japan, France and Brazil at G20
EAM Jaishankar calls for
GCC reaffirms support for stability and sovereignty of Syria, Iraq and Lebanon
cambodiantimes.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Sergey Lavrov, Sergey Lavrov (tax fncact foreign minister, tax fncact foreign minister)
bignewsnetwork.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Toshimitsu Motegi, Marco Rubio (tax worldlanguages russia, crisislex c07 safety)
aninews.in: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Toshimitsu Motegi, Penny Wong (uspec policy1, uspec policy1)
EAM Jaishankar calls for ‘right to industrialise’, resisting predatory practices in supply chains at G20
Report: Attack on Iran Set for Nov. 4. Iran Threatens Region-wide Retaliation. Kent: Get Out Now
EAM Jaishankar calls for 'right to industrialise', resisting predatory practices in supply chains at G20
Quad ministers tout progress on supply chains, critical minerals in Atlanta
Yemen Mobilizes International Support to Confront the Houthi Aggression
Quad ministers tout progress on supply chains, critical minerals in Atlanta
Saudi Aramco eyes opportunities as Pakistan plans Mega Oil Hub in Balochistan - Pakistan Observer
Saudi Arabia launches same day processing of visa applications for Pakistanis
Saudi Arabia introduces same-day visa processing for Pakistani citizens - Pakistan Observer
A COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY: Bahrain backs efforts for global stability
Regional security tops agenda at Manama Dialogue | MEO
How suspected use of chemical weapons in Taiz raise fears of deadly new phase in Yemen’s war
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia agree to strengthen energy and petroleum cooperation
Saudi Arabia introduces same-day visa processing for Pakistani citizens
Greece urges action on Libya-Turkey pact, Red Sea shipping threats | MEO
Turkiye stands with Saudi Arabia in face of Houthi attacks: Ambassador
concordmonitor.com: Bab Al-Mandab Strait, Michael Beckley, Volodymyr Zelenskyy (tax ethnicity american, tax ethnicity american)
Morocco plans $815m Tanger Med expansion as new port nears opening
Qatar-led mediation confronts divisions over terms to end Iran war | MEO
Egypt is back to fulfill its historic role
Strike hits Aden airport after evacuation warning
Egypt is back to fulfill its historic role
Araghchi: New aggression in Persian Gulf will have ‘devastating’ impact on energy markets
What Is the Houthis’ Real Objective?
Saudi-led coalition says it destroyed Houthi missile facilities, and other Mideast news | Eldorado News
Ansarullah official warns underestimating Yemen will lead to costly miscalculations
Alternate Reality According to Barack Obama
Robert Beck: Foreign policy and the midterm elections
texarkanagazette.com: Ibrahim Kalin, Tayyip Erdogan, Benjamin Netanyahu (self identified humanitarian crisis, aid humanitarian)
Saudi-led coalition says it destroyed Houthi missile facilities, and other Mideast news
Egypt parliament authorises military support to Saudi Arabia
Saudi-led coalition says it has destroyed Yemeni rebels' missile facilities, and other Mideast news
Saudi-led coalition says it has destroyed Yemeni rebels' missile facilities, and other Mideast news
Saudi-led coalition says it has destroyed Yemeni rebels' missile facilities, and other Mideast news
Saudi-led coalition says it has destroyed Yemeni rebels' missile facilities, and other Mideast news
Saudi-led coalition says it has destroyed Yemeni rebels' missile facilities, and other Mideast news
swissinfo.ch: Julia Schmale, Benjamin Heutte, Alfred Wegener Instituteexternal (wb 696 public sector management, wb 831 governance)
Saudi Arabia, Houthis trade blows as Yemen conflict intensifies | MEO
Yemen vows ‘never to retreat,’ warns of ‘unexpected options’ to reclaim national rights
gulfnews.com: Bab Al Mandab, United States (negotiations, ungp forests rivers oceans)
Saudi Arabia facing pressure at Bab al-Mandab: interview with Suat Delgen
Houthis threat extends far beyond Saudi Arabia: Why the World must act
ledgertranscript.com: Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Michael Beckley (tax fncact candidate, tax fncact candidate)
dailysabah.com: Hakan Fidan, Rashad Al-Alimi, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait (tax ethnicity turkish, tax worldlanguages turkish)
udn.com: Karoline Leavitt, Karoline Leavitt, Karoline Leavitt (tax terror group hezbollah, tax terror group hezbollah)
Saudi Arabia intercepts drones and missiles as fighting with Yemen's Houthis continues
Saudi-Led Coalition Reports 12 Missile Interceptions in Separate Bulletins | EconoTimes
Taiz Withstands Houthi Attacks and Siege
Back to Pakistanlink Home
Analysts hail Pak active presence at R4, E4 Istanbul meeting
صواريخ الحوثي ترتدّ على المدنيين.. فشل إطلاق يحوّل منزلاً في نهم إلى مقبرة
thefrontierpost.com: Bab Al-Mandab, Bab Al-Mandab, Hakan Fidan (epu policy political, soc pointsofinterest airport)
Turkiye to tell Yemen FM Houthi attacks on civilians ‘unacceptable’
Saudi airstrike on Yemeni cement factory kills eight, including six women and a child
Heavy airstrikes hit Houthi-held Sanaa, Mocha amid escalating Yemen conflict
Realignment and the Realities of the Middle East
8-nation Istanbul talks urge diplomacy to quell Mideast conflicts
Trump’s Russia Play | China’s Fear | Daily Reckoning
Trump’s Russia Play | China’s Fear | Daily Reckoning
China Uses Djibouti Outpost to Assert Itself on Houthi Attacks
War At Sea: The Maritime Crisis And The Forgotten Rights Of Seafarers - Analysis - Eurasia Review
China Uses Djibouti Outpost to Assert Itself on Houthi Attacks
At least three killed in Saudi airstrikes on Yemen’s capital
Saudi Arabia’s 2027 Asian Cup hosting at risk amid regional tensions, Japan football chief warns
R4 calls for diplomatic solution to Mideast conflict, demands unimpeded Hormuz passage
Saudi-led coalition intercepts missiles, drones as Houthis report Saudi airstrikes
Failed Houthi Ballistic Missile Launch Kills Family in Eastern Sanaa | وكالة خبر للأنباء
Saudi-led coalition intercepts missiles, drones as Houthis report Saudi airstrikes
The new Arab bargain: When Egypt offers to protect Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia wants to send 10 million barrels of oil a day around Hormuz. A former Treasury official says it may barely move prices | Fortune
‘For us, the Houthis are terrorists’: French lawmaker says Paris will honor pledge to protect Saudi infrastructure
From approval to abstention: How Egyptian parties stand on Saudi military mandate - Egypt Independent
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments
Israel says 2 soldiers killed in thwarted ‘terror attack,’ and other Middle East news
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments - Daily Sitka Sentinel
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments
Israel says it thwarted ‘terror attack,’ and other Middle East developments
China and Djibouti stress need to protect Red Sea shipping lanes
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments
Yemen, Bab al-Mandab and Saudi Arabia: Tehran’s strategic calculus in the balance
Israel says it thwarted 'terror attack,' and other Middle East developments
DPM Dar lands in Istanbul for R4, R4+ ministerial meetings on regional peace
Oil Prices Climb as Brent Tops $114 and WTI Holds Above $100 After Houthi Attacks Force Aramco to Evacuate HQ
Saudi FM Discusses Regional Developments with Counterparts from Cyprus, Germany, Palestine, Iraq
Saudi aggression kills or wounds 30 civilians, mostly women and children, in Yemen’s Taiz and Hajjah
Turkey convenes seven-nation talks on Iran, Yemen and Ukraine | MEO
Reopen Bab al-Mandeb: China amid oil disruptions
UK deploys RAF jets to support Saudi Arabia’s war on Yemen
European Parliament resolution condemns Houthi attacks, urges EU terrorist listing
المعركة الأخيرة.. الحوثيون ومأزق توقيت طهران
Riyadh seeks access to overseas storage
Saudi-led coalition says intercepted drones as Houthis claim new attacks on Saudi Arabia
Beyond the horizon: The evolution of the Houthi autonomous naval fleet | The Jerusalem Post
President Zardari leaves for Germany on three-day visit to strengthen bilateral ties
US orders some diplomats to leave Saudi Arabia after deadly attacks
businessghana.com: Bab Al-Mandab Strait, King Fahd International Airport (wound, crisislex c03 wellbeing health)
investegate.co.uk: Ronald Gould, Ronald Gould, Ronald Gould (econ stockmarket, econ stockmarket)
China, Djibouti say all countries should enjoy freedom of navigation in Red Sea
What Iran Failed to Achieve is Being Repeated with the Houthis!
Sudan Confronts a War of Economics and Drones
Türkiye to host key summit with regional, European powers - Türkiye News
US Diplomats Ordered Out of Saudi Arabia
China and Djibouti warn against rising security risks in Red Sea | MEO
China urges restraint to prevent Middle East conflict spreading to Horn of Africa | News.az
IMF: Non-Oil Activities Bolster Saudi Economy’s Resilience to Disruptions
aa.com.tr: Wang Yi, Bab Al-Mandeb Strait, Foreign Ministry (tax fncact minister, tax fncact minister)
moneycontrol.com: Mandeb Strait, Us State Department, Xinhua (maritime, wb 2433 conflict and violence)
China, Djibouti say all countries should enjoy freedom of navigation in Red Sea
US orders some diplomats to leave Saudi Arabia as Houthi attacks escalate
Clashes with Kurdish and Baluch Armed Groups, How Iran is Keeping its Economy Running Amid Blockade and Diplomacy Under Threat of War Iran and U.S. Pursue Diplomacy as Hormuz Crisis Raises Risk of Renewed War Iran Executes Three Prisoners in Political and Security Cases Over the Past Week Pirouz Mojtahedzadeh, Prominent Iranian Scholar of Political Geography and Territorial History, Dies at 80 Clashes in Iranian Kurdistan Raise Questions About Drone Warfare and Foreign Support Iran’s Political E
Like UK, France, Egypt joins Saudi Arabia-Houthi rebels war
China, Djibouti say all countries should enjoy freedom of navigation in Red Sea
China, Djibouti say all countries should enjoy freedom of navigation in Red Sea
China, Djibouti say all countries should enjoy freedom of navigation in Red Sea
China, Djibouti say all countries should enjoy freedom of navigation in Red Sea
Saudi Arabia, Jordan discuss regional developments and de-escalation efforts
U.S. ordering some government staff to depart Saudi Arabia as concerns about Houthis flare
emsnow.com: Bab Al-Mandab, Gazprom Neft, Pacific Ocean (tax fncact traders, tax ethnicity indian)
U.S. ordering some government staff to depart Saudi Arabia as concerns about Houthis flare
Saudi Arabia discusses bilateral ties, regional developments with France, Jordan
gulfnews.com: Bab Al Mandab Strait, Ayman Safadi, Jordanian Higher Coordination Council (tax fncact foreign minister, tax fncact foreign minister)
How the Houthi Siege of Taiz Is Pushing Yemen's War to a Brutal New Extreme
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in dire straits
Yemeni armed forces strike Saudi military cargo at Riyan airport
EU Aspides Commander Warns of Volatile Red Sea Security Landscape
Saudi, Jordanian FMs Discuss Houthi Attacks, Sign Protocol on Higher Coordination Council
Egyptian military support for Saudi Arabia will not include attacks on Yemen, President El-Sisi says
Perceived risk in Bab Al-Mandab Strait higher than real risk, terminal executive says
Scott Bessent Calls the Strait of Hormuz “Irrelevant.” Chevron Shows Exactly How It Happens - AOL
The joke of the season… Iranian mediation in Yemen | Khairallah Khairallah | MEO
Newspaper: Syria, Saudi Arabia discuss deploying thousands of fighters to Yemen
Yemen: 25 killed, 30 injured in missile attack on military camp
UK to deploy jets to defend Saudi Arabia from Houthi attacks - The Ghanaian Chronicle
American Pravda: The Fall of Saudi Arabia? – The Greanville Post
5 killed, 16 injured in Houthi attack on Yemen's Aden presidential palace
5 killed, 16 injured in Houthi attack on Yemen's Aden presidential palace
5 killed, 16 injured in Houthi attack on Yemens Aden presidential palace
5 killed, 16 injured in Houthi attack on Yemen's Aden presidential palace
5 killed, 16 injured in Houthi attack on Yemen's Aden presidential palace
Signals to inspect
Anomalies
Latest 10 in the selected window (up to 10). Detector output, not verified conclusions.
Volume spike: 2 events in window (2.0x baseline of 1.0 expected)
New connection: 2 previously unseen co-actor(s) detected (known network: 210)
New connection: 4 previously unseen co-actor(s) detected (known network: 212)
Volume spike: 3 events in window (3.0x baseline of 1.0 expected)
New connection: 1 previously unseen co-actor(s) detected (known network: 209)
New connection: 9 previously unseen co-actor(s) detected (known network: 200)
New connection: 9 previously unseen co-actor(s) detected (known network: 191)
Volume spike: 2 events in window (2.0x baseline of 1.0 expected)
New connection: 11 previously unseen co-actor(s) detected (known network: 183)
Narrative context
Unresolved threads
Latest 20 at most, across all dates. Stored narratives require human review.
Stored connections
Relationships
Up to 50 records ordered by evidence count, across all dates. Co-mentions indicate association in source material, not affiliation or coordination.
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →United States Senate1976 evidence records
- Donald Trump→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait1665 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →White House787 evidence records
- Abbas Araghchi→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait684 evidence records
- Reuters→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait586 evidence records
- Bab El-Mandeb→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait547 evidence records
- Facebook→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait469 evidence records
- Linkedin→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait466 evidence records
- Associated Press→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait434 evidence records
- Cnn→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait416 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Esmaeil Baghaei407 evidence records
- America Mojtaba Khamenei→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait380 evidence records
- Chinese Foreign Ministry→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait375 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Indian Ocean356 evidence records
- Marco Rubio→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait318 evidence records
- Saudi Aramco→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait306 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →United Nations298 evidence records
- International Renewable Energy Agency→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait280 evidence records
- Ishaq Dar→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait273 evidence records
- Hussaini Mohammed→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait268 evidence records
- Masoud Pezeshkian→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait262 evidence records
- Ali Khamenei→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait257 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Qatari Ministry Of Foreign Affairs248 evidence records
- Magen David Adom→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait246 evidence records
- Ali Akbar Velayati→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait242 evidence records
- Un Security Council Resolution→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait241 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →European Union238 evidence records
- Steve Witkoff→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait225 evidence records
- Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Tabatabai→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait222 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Bloomberg214 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited213 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Square Enix213 evidence records
- Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Board Of Directors→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait213 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries Company212 evidence records
- Ilia Yefimovich→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait211 evidence records
- Majid Saeedi Getty→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait210 evidence records
- Al Jazeera→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait202 evidence records
- Mohammad Bagher Qalibaf→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait199 evidence records
- Bradley Cooper→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait185 evidence records
- Mohsen Rezaei→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait181 evidence records
- Us Mission→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait179 evidence records
- Binyamin Netanyahu→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait179 evidence records
- Pete Hegseth→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait168 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Pakistan On Friday Iranian Foreign Ministry167 evidence records
- National Resistance Movement→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait160 evidence records
- Bab Al-Mandab Strait→ co mention →Houthis Ansar-Allah159 evidence records
- Shehbaz Sharif→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait157 evidence records
- Us Navy Seal→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait151 evidence records
- Us State Department→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait147 evidence records
- Iran Supreme National Security Council→ co mention →Bab Al-Mandab Strait146 evidence records
Ask this desk
Desk analyst
Read-only questions about Bab Al-Mandab Strait's stored record. Answers cite only records retrieved for that turn; a citation chip opens the existing inspection view. Absence of matches is not evidence of inactivity.
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